任務Task
- 認識航海大發現。
- 設計和製作一條帆船，並嘗試勝出「帆船比賽」。
- Learn about the Voyages of Discovery
- Design and make a sailboat and then try to win the competitions
航海大發現The Voyages of Discovery
「航海大發現」是指十五至十六世紀期間，由歐洲人發起的一系列航海探險活動。在這百多年間，歐洲航海家開闢出多條新航路及發現了多片未知的地域，並證實「地圓說」（即地球是圓的說法）的真確性。這些發展不但令東、西方接觸日趨頻繁，更為西方以至世界帶來重大的轉變。
The Voyages of Discovery refer to the naval explorations made by Europeans in the 15th and 16th centuries. During these years, European navigators sailed to distant unknown places many times. They opened up new sea routes to the East, discovered many previously unknown lands and proved that the Earth was round. The Voyages of Discovery increased East-West encounters and led to great changes in the West and other parts of the world.
航海時代的先行者Pioneers of the Voyages of Discovery
葡萄牙與西班牙是第一批展開探索新航路的歐洲國家。自十五世紀開始，葡萄牙航海家先是沿着非洲西岸南下，繞過好望角後繼續往東，途徑東非、阿拉伯半島、印度，更一度到達中國與日本。而西班牙的航海家則在開拓新航線時，意外發現美洲大陸，後來幾乎整個中、南美洲都成為了它的殖民地。繼葡、西兩國後，荷蘭、英國與法國等亦相繼派遣航海家探索通往亞洲的新航線。
Portugal and Spain were the first European countries to explore new sea routes. In the 15th century, Portuguese navigators sailed down the western coast of Africa. They rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed eastwards, passing through East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and India. They even reached China and Japan. Spanish navigators discovered the American continent by accident while exploring new sea routes. Later, Spain colonized nearly the entire Central and South America. The Netherlands, Britain and France also sent navigators to explore new sea routes to Asia.
1487-1522年間主要航海家開拓的新航線Major voyages between 1487 and 1522
克拉克帆船（Carrack）Carrack (克拉克帆船)
克拉克帆船是大航海時代最為盛行的船形，由三個桅杆與五個船帆組合而成，船身上設置有三角船帆和四角船帆。其龐大的體積及堅固的船身令它可在大海中保持平穩，並抵擋強烈風暴，所以非常適合展開遠航。
1492年，意大利航海家哥倫布（Christopher Columbus）在西班牙王室的贊助下，率領三艘帆船橫渡大西洋，卻意外發現了美洲新大陸，揭開了歐洲人殖民美洲的序幕。
哥倫布於發現新大陸時，船隊三艘帆船中，名為「聖瑪莉亞號」（Santa María）的旗艦便是一艘克拉克帆船。1492 年12 月25 日，聖瑪莉亞號意外觸礁，哥倫布只好被迫棄船。
Carracks were the most popular ships during the Voyages of Discovery. They had three masts and five sails. There were triangular and quadrangular sails. They could sail stably in heavy seas and storms because of their huge size and sturdy hull. They were very suitable for ocean-going voyages.
In 1492, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus, supported by the monarchs of Spain, departed from Spain with three ships. His fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and accidentally discovered the new continent of America. This started the European colonization of the Americas.
Santa Maria, the flagship of Columbus’ fleet, was a carrack. On December 25, 1492, Santa Maria was wrecked. Columbus was forced to abandon the ship.
聖瑪莉亞號Columbus’s Santa Maria
討論問題Discussion
1.
除了造船與航海技術的進步，試從課文或網上搜集資料，探討推動「航海大發現」的其他因素。
Apart from improvements in shipbuilding and navigation, find out the other causes of the Voyages of Discovery from the textbook and the Internet.
2.
十五至十六世紀期間，葡萄牙是最早發展遠程航海的國家，試從網上找尋資料，解釋推動葡萄牙發展遠程航海的歷史因素。
Portugal was the first country to start ocean-going voyages in the 15th and 16th centuries. Try to find out the historical factors that promoted Spain to start these voyages on the Internet.
第一部分—設計和製作一條簡單的帆船Part A: Design and make a simple sailboat
1.
在互聯網搜尋帆船的主要結構與製作方法。列出設計所要的物料。
Search the Internet for different methods of making a sailboat. List the materials your group will choose to make it.
2.
在以下的空位內繪畫你的設計，並在各部分加上標註。試簡單描述製作帆船的步驟。
Draw your design below. Label all the parts and briefly describe how you will make the sailboat.
3.
寫下你的設計的參考來源。
Write the source(s) of reference that your design is based on.
4.
與組員合作完成帆船。
Collaborate with your group members to make the sailboat.
第二部分：帆船比賽Part B: Sailboat competitions
測試比賽的時候到了！
Use your own sailboat to take part in the following games!
遊戲1Game 1
每組需使用自己的帆船來承載玻璃珠子，能夠承載最多玻璃珠子的組別獲勝。
你會考慮甚麼因素來增加獲勝機會？
Use your own sailboat to carry as many as toy marbles as possible. The group which can load the largest number of toy marbles wins the game.
Which factor(s) will you consider to win the game?
遊戲2Game 2
每組需使用自己的帆船使用電風扇推動帆船進行速度比賽，最快抵達終點的組別獲勝。
你會考慮甚麼因素來增加獲勝機會？
Use your own sailboat and use electric fans to propel it. The group which reaches the finish line the fastest wins the game.
Which factor(s) will you consider to win the game?
第三部分：評價和改良Part C: Evaluate and redesign
1.
在班上分享製作帆船的經驗。
Share your experience in making the sailboat with your classmates.
2.
Ask your teacher to evaluate your sailboat using the following Grading Rubric:
3.
你認為哪一組的設計是最好的？寫出他們的設計的兩個優點。
Which group’s design do you think is the best? Write TWO advantages of the design.
4.
你可以如何改良自己的帆船？
What modifications can you make to your sailboat?
5.
在課堂後提交學生工作紙。
Submit Student’s Worksheet to your teacher after the lesson.
第四部分：進階活動及附加資源Part D: Advanced Activity and Further Resources
進階探究活動Advanced Activity
航海與葡萄牙建築Voyages of Discovery and Portuguese architecture
葡萄牙的航海成就使它一躍成為世界大國。十五世紀末至十六世紀中，葡萄牙人在建築上注入與航海相關的元素，例如貝殼、珊瑚、船錨及粗纜繩花紋等，發展出名為「曼努埃爾」 (Manueline) 的建築風格 (又稱為「大海風格」)。位於葡萄牙里斯本的貝倫塔 (Tower of Belém) 及熱羅尼莫斯修道院 (Monastery of Jerónimos) 見證了葡萄牙在大航海時代的輝煌，是非常具代表性的曼努埃爾式建築。
試從以下虛擬旅程，找出與航海有關的建築特色。
The astonishing successes of Portuguese navigators transformed Portugal into a world power. From the late 15th to the mid-16th centuries, a Portuguese architectural style known as ‘Manueline’ (曼努埃爾) developed. Elements related to the maritime explorations are recurring themes, such as seashells, coral, anchors, navigational instruments, crosses and ropes. The Belém Tower (貝倫塔) and Monastery of Jerónimos (熱羅尼莫斯修道院), both in Lisbon, are some of the most famous examples of the Manueline style.
Try to find out architectural features related to sea explorations through the virtual tour.
貝倫塔Tower of Belém
熱羅尼莫斯修道院Monastery of Jerónimos
附加資源Further Resources
編程Computer programming
你可以在Scratch試玩以下帆船遊戲。如果你熟悉編程，也可以自行修改遊戲。
You can now play free sailboat games on Scratch. If you are familiar with programming, you can also modify the games.
如果學校有立體打印機，你可以在我們的網站下載可供立體打印的模型。如果你會使用立體製圖軟件（例如
Blender），更可以設計和製作自己的立體打印模型。
You can download the file of the model for 3D printing from our website. If you are familiar with 3D graphic tools (e.g.
Blender), you can also modify and design your own models.